نمونه تست زبان کارشناسی ارشد کتابداری و اطلاع رسانی

LIBRARIANSHIP TEXT ONE: Libraries are for users To some, libraries exist only to collect documents. Use is of no importance to them. I remember a university librarian who thought it was more important to obtain a copy of any book his library did not hold, than to obtain a second copy of a book for which there was heavy demand. Judging by the annual reports which give pride of place to the additions to the library, this type of librarian is not uncommon. Almost unconsciously some librarians measure their achievements by the number of volumes in their libraries. So, because of them, it is important to set down the principle that libraries are for users. There are many librarians who agree with the principle that libraries are for users, but who fail to discover whether their libraries are really satisfying their users. There are several reasons for this. Some only on issue data, without appreciating that this information does not provide any reliable data about the extent individuals are satisfied. Some more adventurous librarians collect the opinions of users of their services, without appreciating that these opinions are not a reliable basis for a review of their services. However, the root cause why many librarians fail to collect reliable data about their services is a peculiarity about the library supply service. This can best be appreciated by comparing this service with other supply services. For instance, any failure of the electricity or water supply services to meet the needs of users quantitatively or qualitatively can, as a rule, be easily seen. However, with the information supply services any failure to meet user’s needs is, as a rule, not at all obvious. This is my second principle of librarianship. Urquhart, Donald(1981). The Principles of Librarianship. Choose a, b, c, or d which best answers the following questions: 1. In line 7, what does the phrase “this type of librarian is not uncommon” mean? a) This type of librarian is unusual. b) This type of librarian is common. c) This type of librarian is out of date. d) This type of librarian is unique. 2. The failure of the electricity or water supply service ……. . a) is not so important. b) causes some damages. c) effects the needs of users obviously. d) does not impact on users’ need. 3. The main idea that has been discussed in the text is ……… . a) lack of electricity or water services b) lack of adventurous librarians c) appreciation of user’s ideas d) the evaluation of user’s opinions about information services 4. The first paragraph implies that in the past ……… was emphasized. a) access to documents b) copying of documents c) collecting of materials d) use of materials TEXT TWO: Research in librarianship The history of libraries and information services shows that, in the past, decisions about what should or should not be done depended mainly upon opinions. The report of the Kenyon Committee on public libraries in England and Wales, which appeared in 1927, is based almost entirely on opinions, and these opinions were mainly those of the members of the committee. More recently the attempts by the Library Association (UK) to establish “standards” for different types of libraries have been based upon the opinions of librarians. The Parry Committee, set up by the University Grants Committee (UGC) to consider university libraries, expressed the opinion that a university library should have a fixed percentage of the university income. More recently the UGC has adopted similar “norms” for considering the size of university libraries. In pre-war days there were few attempts to base decisions on facts. S. C. Bradford may have made some relevant observations, but the impression I have obtained from some of his former colleagues was that as a rule he sought “facts” to justify the decisions he had made. “Bradford Law”, which relates to the scattering of periodical articles on a particular subject, would have supported a decision to create a comprehensive collection of periodical. However, Bradford appears to have decided to make such a collection, and to have discovered his law subsequently. The absence of investigations to guide decisions in librarianship and information science was not due to a complete absence of natural scientists working in these fields. S.C. Bradford, for instance, held a D.Sc. in chemistry. A serious difficulty was the attitude of scientists to library and information problems. Many of them thought that their opinions were sufficient to guide decisions. This became very obvious in the Royal Society Scientific Information Conference in 1948 when many FRS’s expressed the view that research into the flow of information was unnecessary. They knew what to do. This so amazed me that it drew from me the observation “we must collect facts, analyze facts and act on facts, and ignore opinions”. It appeared very strange to me that I had to say this at a meeting organized by the Royal Society. Urquhart, Donald (1981). The Principles of Librarianship. QUESTIONS: Which item a, b, c, or d best answers the following questions? 1. According to the passage, when has Kenyon Committee done a research on public libraries in England and Wales? a) Third decade of 20th century. b) In 1927. c) Second decade of 20th century. d) Nineteenth century. 2. What word in the text is a synonym for “standards”? a) Types b) Decisions c) Facts d) Norms 3. Which sentence is incorrect? a) In the past decisions were made according to opinions. b) Before war decisions were based on facts. c) Bradford law relates to scattering of periodical articles on a particular subject. d) Standards established by Library Association were based upon the comments. 4. Which word in the text is synonymous with “research”? a) Investigation b) Investment c) Impression d) Information 5. According to the writer, we should pay attention to ……… . a) Opinions. b) Standards c) Facts d) Norms. 6. What is the general idea of the text? a) We should pay attention to opinions. b) S.C. Bradford has created the Bradford Law. c) Former colleagues sought facts. d) Our researches should be based upon facts. TEXT THREE: History of libraries, librarianship, and library education The Roman Empire In the time of the Roman republic, because of economic pressures Rome began to move from the Italian peninsula to conquer new lands and almost immediately came into contact with Greek culture, which from then on dominated the arts of Rome. The Romans were creative in law and technological areas but were content to adopt the philosophy, literature, and arts of the Greeks. As in Greek society, aristocratic Roman males practiced the fine as well as the military arts, although many wealthy men in the empire became patrons, rather than practitioners of the arts. Greek slaves and manuscripts, as well as Greek culture, were brought back to Rome by conquering generals. Collection of manuscripts also were brought from Asia Minor, including Egypt, to grace aristocratic homes. In time fine libraries became status symbols, attended by Greek librarians who arranged collections by language - Latin or Greek. One of the best physical remains of a Private Roman library was excavated at Herculaneum; it contained a collection of about 1700 scrolls arranged on shelves in a square room. As in Greece, there was some commercial production of books. Rogers, Robert A.(1984).The Library in Society. QUESTIONS: Which item a, b, c, or d best answers the following questions? 1. Why Romans move to conquer new lands? They move to conquer new lands because of ……… . a) economic pressures. b) political pressures. c) to gain new technologies. d) to gain arts of Greeks. 2. What was the first culture that Romans came into contact with? a) Egypt b) Asia Minor c) Greek d) Latin 3. What is the synonym of “conquer”? a) overcome b) excavate c) override d) contact 4. What was the opinion of the Romans about Greek culture? a) They hated Greek culture. b) They were eager to learn Greek culture. c) They thought Egypt culture is better than Greece. d) None of the above. 5. Conquering generals brought ……… to Rome. a) slaves b) manuscripts c) a and b d) shelves 6. In the text, it is implied that ……… . a) Greeks were prior to Romans in art. b) Romans were eager to create private library. c) The common form of books was scroll of manuscripts. d) All three above. 7.Romans were creative in ……… . a) literature b) philosophy c) law d) art 8.For Romans, fine libraries were ……… . a) to support art b) to develop Roman culture c) to adopt Greek culture d) to grace aristocratic homes TEXT FOUR: Private libraries From the middle of the eighteenth century onwards there arose various sorts of societies, academics, institutions, etc . All these established libraries supported by membership fees and endowments . Libraries of all sorts existed at that time but there did not exist public libraries in the sense as we understand them today. Out of these libraries the real forerunners of the public library were the private subscription libraries and the Mechanics Institute library. Private Subscription libraries: In the widest sense this term can reasonably include all libraries of which the costs are met by the subscription from the users. These originated in the eighteenth century by the name of gentlemen’s subscription libraries (sometimes known as propriety libraries ). These were supported by the middle class of merchants, manufacturers, and professional men (and their wives too).Their membership was restricted to the proprietors or share holders, and their number ranged from a dozen or two to four or five hundred. These became very common in the 1850s in large as well as small towns. By 1850 some had their own buildings and possessed substantial and valuable collections. These aimed to provide a collection of standard works of permanent value. Rogers, Robert A.(1984).The Library in Society. QUESTIONS: Which item a, b, c, or d best answers the following questions? 1.What kind of following libraries did not exist in the middle of the 18th century? a) society libraries b) academic libraries c) public libraries d) institution libraries 2. what was the influence of private subscription libraries on public libraries? a) These libraries were a model for future institute libraries. b) These libraries created mechanics’ Institute libraries. c) These libraries later established the base of public libraries . d) These libraries later established the base of mechanics institute libraries. 3. According to the text, which type of following libraries is different from others? a) mechanics institute library. b) propriety library c) private subscription library d) gentlemen’s subscription library 4. From when on libraries has progressed? a) From the middle of 18th century b) By middle of 19th century c) At 1850 d) In the 1850s TEXT FIVE: Library associations Library associations have played an important role in growth and development of the profession. They vary in scope and coverage. They can be international, national, regional, state, local or may be limited to one field of activity such as health science, science and technology, music, etc. they bring together librarians, providing them an opportunity for inter-communication of ideas through con­ferences, congresses, symposia and workshops and its publications. COMMONWEALTH LIBRARY ASSOCIATION Commonwealth Library Association (COMLA) was formed in Nove­mber 1972 in Lagos, Nigeria. Full membership is restricted to one library association from each country of the Commonwealth but it allows libraries and library schools to join as affiliated members. Those outside Commonwealth can join as corresponding affiliated members. The objectives are given below: (i) To improve libraries in Commonwealth, (ii) to forge, maintain, and strengthen professional links between Commonwealth libraries, (iii) To support and encourage library associations, (iv) To promote the status and education of librarians and the reciprocal recognition of qualifications in librarianship. (v) To initiate research projects designed to promote library pro­vision, and to further technical developments of libraries in the Commonwealth, (vi) Such other aims the council may consider desirable. COMLA has been responsible for increasing interaction between librarians from Commonwealth countries through visits and other ways. INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION FOR DOCUMENTATION/ FEDERATION INTERNATIONALE DE DOCUMENTATION (F1D) Paul Otlet (1869-1944), a Belgian Barrister and Henri La Fontaine (1854-1943) founded in September 1895 Institute International de Bib­liographie (IIB) at Brussels. In 1931, the Institute International de Bibliographie (IIB) became Institut International de Documentation (IID), now with its headquarters at the Hague. In 1937, it changed its name again to the Federation Internationale de Documentation (FID), its present name. FID became a Federation in 1924 with five national members and obtained legal status in 1959 as an international non-governmental organization being registered under the Belgian act granting incor­poration to international non-profit associations pursuing a scientific ­or artistic, or educational goal. Objectives Paul Otlet and Henri La Fontaine had initiated IIB in 1895, with the main objective of preparing Universal Bibliographic Repertory, which was intended to become a comprehensive classified index to all published information. However, today FID performs a variety of tasks. The main objectives of FID are to: (i) promote by means of international cooperation, studies, rese­arch, organization and practice of information science in all fields of know1edge (ii) provide a world forum for organizations and individuals for the exchange of ideas and experiences (iii) provide a world forum for interested organizations and individuals to coordinate their efforts. Organization The governing bodies of FID consist of General Assembly, the Council and the Executive Committee. The General Assembly is the highest body, which meets every two years. The Council consists of the President, three Vice-Presidents, a Treasurer, twelve Councillors, and ex-officio, the Secretary General. The Executive Committee consists of the officers and the Secretary General. Kumar, Krishin(1995). Library Organization. QUESTIONS: Which item a, b, c, or d best answers the following questions? 1.Which one is not COMLA objectives? a) support library associations b) initiate research projects designed to promote library provision c) support international cooperations d) promote the education of librarians 2. ………… bring together librarians, providing them an opportunity for inter-communication of ideas. a) Library associations b)COMLA c) FID d)IID 3.What was the main objective of IIB in 1895? a) promoting international cooperation b) providing a world forum c) developing information science d) preparing universal bibliographic repertory 4.General Assembly of FID holds every ………… . a) two years b)year c) five years d)three years